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Verreaux's eagle
Verreaux's eagle (''Aquila verreauxii'') is a large African bird of prey. It is also called the black eagle, especially in Southern Africa, leading to potential confusion with the Indian black eagle (''Ictinaetus malayensis''), which lives in Asia. Verreaux's eagle lives in hilly and mountainous regions of southern and eastern Africa (extending marginally into Chad), and very locally in West Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the southern Middle East. It is one of the most specialized species of accipitrid in the world, with its distribution and life history revolving around its favorite prey species, the rock hyraxes. When hyrax populations decline, the species have been shown to survive with mixed success on other prey, such as small antelopes, gamebirds, hares, monkeys and other assorted vertebrates. Despite a high degree of specialization, Verreaux's eagle has, from a conservation standpoint, been faring relatively well in historic times. One population of this species, in the Matobo Hills of Zimbabwe, is arguably the best studied eagle population in the world, having been subject to continuous detailed study since the late 1950s.〔 Like all eagles, this species belongs to the taxonomic order Accipitriformes (formerly included in Falconiformes) and the family Accipitridae, which may be referred to colloquially as accipitrids or raptors.
==Taxonomy==
This species was first described by René Primevère Lesson in his 1830 publication, ''Centurie zoologique, ou choix d'animaux rares, nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus'', as ''Aquila Verreauxii''.〔Kemp, A. C. (1994) IN del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal. eds. (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'', vol. 2. ISBN 84-87334-15-6〕 The species’ name commemorates the French naturalist Jules Verreaux, who visited southern Africa in the early 18th century and collected the type specimen for the French Academy of Sciences.〔Gargett, p. 30.〕〔Mearns, Barbara; & Mearns, Richard. (1988). ''Biographies for Birdwatchers. The lives of those commemorated in Western Palaearctic bird names''. Academic Press: London. ISBN 0-12-487422-3〕
Verreaux's eagle is part of a broad group of raptors called "booted eagles" which are defined by the feature that all included species have feathering over their tarsus, whereas most other accipitrids have bare legs. Included in this group are all species described as "hawk eagles" including the genera ''Spizaetus'' and ''Nisaetus'', as well as assorted monotypical genera such as ''Oroaetus'', ''Lophaetus'', ''Stephanoaetus'', ''Polemaetus'', ''Lophotriorchis'' and ''Ictinaetus''. The genus ''Aquila'' is distributed across every continent but for South America and Antarctica. Up to 20 species have been classified in the genus but the taxonomic placement of some of the traditionally included species has recently been questioned. Traditionally, the ''Aquila'' eagles have been grouped superficially as largish, mainly brownish or dark-colored booted eagles that vary little in transition from their juvenile to their adult plumages. Genetic research has recently indicated the Verreaux's eagle is included in a clade with the near circumpolar golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') as well as the Gurney's eagle (''A. gurneyi'') and the wedge-tailed eagle (''A. audax'') (clearly part of an Australasian radiation of the lineage). This identification of this particular clade has long been suspected based on similar morphological characteristics amongst these large-bodied species.〔''Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World'' by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986), ISBN 978-1555214722.〕 More surprisingly, the smaller, much paler-bellied sister species Bonelli's eagle (''A. fasciatus'') and African hawk-eagle (''A. spilogaster''), previously included in the ''Hieraaetus'' genus, have been revealed to be genetically much closer to the Verreaux's and golden eagle lineage than to other species traditionally included in the ''Aquila'' genus.〔 Other largish ''Aquila'' species, the eastern imperial eagle (''A. heliaca''), the Spanish imperial eagle (''A. adaberti''), the tawny eagle (''A. rapax'') and the steppe eagles (''A. nipalensis''), are now thought to be separate, close-knit clade, which attained some similar characteristics to the prior clade via convergent evolution.〔〔 Genetically, the "spotted eagles" (''A. pomarina, A. hasata & A. clanga''), have been discovered to be more closely related to the long-crested eagle (''Lophaetus occipitalis'') and the black eagle, and many generic reassignments have been advocated.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lophaetus pomarinus )〕 The ''Hieraaetus'' genus, including the booted eagle (''H. pennatus''), little eagle (''H. morphnoides'') and Ayres's hawk-eagle (''H. ayresii''), consists of much smaller species, that are in fact the smallest birds called eagles outside of the unrelated ''Spilornis'' serpent-eagle genus. This genus has recently been eliminated by many authorities and is now occasionally also included in ''Aquila'', although not all ornithological unions have followed this suit in this re-classification.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aquila morphnoides )〕 The small-bodied Wahlberg's eagle (''H. wahlbergi'') has been traditionally considered an ''Aquila'' species due to its lack of change from juvenile to adult plumage and brownish color but it is actually genetically aligned to the ''Hieraaetus'' lineage.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aquila wahlbergi )〕 Cassin's hawk-eagle (''H. africanus'') is also probably closely related to the ''Hieraaetus'' group rather than the ''Spizaetus/Nisaetus'' "hawk-eagle" group (in which it was previously classified) which is not known to have radiated to Africa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aquila africana )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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